basic concepts of surveying
Curves
In the geometric design of motorways , railways , pipelines , etc , the design and setting out of curves is an important aspect of the engineer’s work The initial design is usually based on a serie…
basic concepts of surveying
Sight distances
Driver Eye Height Sight distance is a safety design factor which is intrinsically linked to rate of change of grade , and hence to K - values Consider once again the hump - backed bridge Drivers a…
basic concepts of surveying
Instrument errors in the total station
ldeally , the total station should meet the following requirements: a) Line of sight ZZ perpen- dicular to tilting axis KK b) Tilting axis KK perpen- dicular to vertical axis VV c) Vertical axis V…
basic concepts of surveying
Remote heights
1- Set out the total station in the terrain so that it is within viow of surveyed. it is not necessary to pisition the horizontal circle. 2- Determinethe boundary points of the area sequentially dir…
basic concepts of surveying
the distances
The program determines the distance and height difference between two points. 1. Set up the total station at any location. 2. Measure the distance to each of the two points A and B. 3. The distanc…
basic concepts of surveying
Setting up the instrument anywhere
1- Extend the legs of the tripod as far as is required and tighten the screws family. 2- set up the tripod so that the tripod plate is as horizontal as possible and the legs of the tripod are f…
GPS
Gps Reference stations
Also known as a conti- nuously Operating Refe- rence Station (CORS), this is typically a dual-frequency GPS receiver located at known coordinates, supplied with permanent power and connected to …
basic concepts of surveying
Free station surveys
This program calculates the position and height of the instrument station, along with the orientation of the horizontal circle, from measuremnts to at least two points, the coordinates of which …
basic concepts of surveying
Surveying with GPS
GPS surveys use the signals transmitted by satellites having trajectories such that any point on the Earth's surface can be determined around the clock and independently of weather condition…
GPS
Deformation monitoring
Navigation Gps Use GPS is now used in all aspects of navigation GPS voice navigation systems are standard with many models of car Simply typing the required destination into the unit results in a g…
basic concepts of surveying
GALILEO
Galileo is a joint initiative of the European Commission ( EC ) and the European Space Agency ( ESA ) When fully operational the system will have 30 satellites in three planes , placed equally arou…
GPS
Machine guidance and control
Machine Guidance Earth moving is required to shape the ground prior to construction taking place In this context machine guidance is concerned with guiding the operator to move the blade or dozer.…
التوقيع المساحي
توقيع المعالم الافقية والراسية
الطرق المساحية في اعمال توقيع المعالم الافقية تتطلب نقاطا معلومة الاحداثي و محددة الموقع في الطبيعة لبدء العمل منها و عادة تحدد نقاط لهذا الغرض سواء في الخرائط المساحية - او الصور الجوية - او الرسو…
GPS
locating position
topographic survey establishing control network and their subsequent computation leads t an implied rectangle coordi-nate system over the area surveyed , the minor control point in particular ca…
basic concepts of surveying
The future for surveyor and engineers
The future for GPS , WAAS and EGNOS and Galileo looks promising The future for GLONASS is harder to assess but could also match expectations In the worst case if only the GPS satellites and all of…
التوقيع المساحي
المنحنيات الراسية Parabola vertical curve
عندما يتقاطع المحوران المستقيمان عند زاوية تقاطع في مستوى راسي فان المنحنى الذي يصل المحورين المستقيمين يسمى منحنى راسي و تستخدم لتلافي تلاقي خطين في المستوى الراسي و لاعطاء معدل تغير منتظم في ال…
علم المساحة والخرائط
المبادئ الاساسية للمساحة Basic principles of surveying
1- العمل من الاكبر الى الجزء و ذلك لتقليل تاثير الاخطاء في اعمال المساحة الى الحد المسموح بها في مسح التفاصيل. 2- الاقتصاد في الدقة Economy of accuracy حيث انه كلما كانت الدقة اعلى كلما كانت كل…
علم المساحة والخرائط
اخذ القياسات
لو نظرنا الى الشكل ( 1-3 ) هناك عدة انواع من القياسات بالامكان اجراءها لغرض تحديد الاحداثيات الافقية للنقطة C : ا - قياس الزاويتين الافقيتين الى اليمين CAB , ABC ب - احدى المسافتين الافقيتين A…
basic concepts of surveying
Staking out point heights
in an excavation, point B is to be set out at a height ∆H =1.00 metre below street level (point A). 1- set up the level so that the sighting distances to A and B are about the same. 2- set u…
basic concepts of surveying
Datum Transformations
Datum Transformations Coordinate transformations are quite common in surveing . They range from simple translations between coordinates and setting-out grids on a construction site , to transfo…
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