Resolving the integer ambiguities

 The process of resolving the integer ambiguities is called initialization and may be done by sitting up both receivers at each end of a baseline whose  coordinates are accurately known 

In subsequent data processing the coordinates are held fixed and the integers determined using only a signal epoch of data 

These values are now held fixed throughout the duration of the survey and coordinates estimated every epoch provided there are no cycle slips 

The initial baseline may comprise points of known coordinates fixed from previous surveys by static GPS just prior to the survey or by transformation of points in a local coordinate system to WGS84 

An alternative approach is called the antenna swap method 

An antenna is placed at each end of a short base ( 5-10 m ) and observations taken over a short period of time 

The antennae are interchanged lock maintained and observations continued 

This results in a big change in the relative receiver/satellite geometry and consequently rapid determination of the integers 

The antennae are returned to their original position prior to the surveys 

It should be realized that the whole survey will be invalidated if a cycle slip occurs Thus reconnaissance of the area is still of vital importance otherwise reinitalization will be necessary 

A further help in this matter is to observe to many more satellites than the minimum four required 

Traditional kinematic surveying 

Assuming the ambiguities have been resolved a master receiver is positioned over a reference point of known coordinates and the roving receiver commences its movement along the route required 

As the movement is continuous the observations take place at preset time intervals often less than l s 

Lock must be maintained to at least four satellites or re established when lost 

In this technique it is the trajectory of the rover that is surveyed and points are surveyed by time rather than position hence linear detail such as roads rivers railways ect can be rapidly surveyed 

Antennae can be fitted to fast moving moving vehicles or even bicycles which can be driven along a road or path to obtain a three dimensional profile 

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