Slope and Altitude When a tape is suspended between two measuring heads . And B both at same level , the shape it takes up is a catenary. if C is the lowest point on the curve , then on lengt…
step measurement step measurement is the process of breaking the overall distance down into manageable short sections each much less than a whole tape length . The tape is stretched horizontally a…
Although the measurement of base lines in catenary is virtually obsolete it is still the most accurate method of obtaining relatively short distances over rough terrain and much better than can b…
the most accurate way to measure distance with a steel is to measure the distance between pre-set measuring marks rather than attempt to mark the end of each tape length the procedure is as follows :…
Taapes come in a variety of lengths and materials . for engineering work the lengths are generally 10 m , 30 m , 50 m and 100 m . Linen or glass fibre tapes may be used for general use , where pr…
distance is one of the fundamental measurments in surveying Although frequently measured as spatial distance (sloping distance) in three-dimensional space , usually it is the horizontal compone…
contouring The ease with which total stations produce horizontal distance vertical height and horizontal direction makes them ideal instruments for rapid and accurate contouring in virtually any ty…
Recipro observations are observations from A and B the arithmetic mean result being accepted if one assumes a symmetrical line of sight from each and the observations are taken simultaneously…
for long lines the effect of curvature (c) and refraction (r)it can be seen that the difference in elevation (∆ H ) between A and B is : thus it can be seen that the only…
trigonometrical levelling is used where difficult terrain , such as mountainous areas precludes the use of conventional differential levelling . it may also be used where the height dif…