of all the surveying operations used in construction levelling is the most common practically every aspect of a construction project requires som app;ication of the levelling process the general are…
all measurements have error in the case of levelling these errors will be instrumental observational and natural instrumental errors the main source of instrumental error is resid…
the instrument is set up and correctly levelled in order to make the line of sight through the telescope horizontal . if the telescope is turned through 360 ُ . a horizontal plane of sight is swep…
the automatic level is easily recognized by its clean uncluttered appearance it does not have a tilting screw or a tubular bubular as the telescope is rigidly fixed to the tribrach and the lin…
the equipment used in the leveling process comprise optical levels and graduated staffs basically the optical level consists of a telescope fitted with a spirit bubble or automatic compensator …